Most market theories start with a comforting fiction - that prices reflect fundamentals, that participants are rational, and that markets, given enough time, settle into equilibrium.
George Soros spent his career arguing that this is, more or less, nonsense.
His alternative (the theory of reflexivity) is one of the most useful frameworks a serious investor can carry around, and it explains an uncomfortable share of what actually moves markets.
Reflexivity says there is a two-way feedback loop between what participants believe and what markets actually do. Beliefs shape prices, and prices, in turn, shape the fundamentals those beliefs were supposed to be measuring in the first place.
As Soros put it: "financial markets cannot possibly discount the future correctly because they do not merely discount the future; they help to shape it."
In one line, Soros dismantles the efficient markets hypothesis. If prices influence the reality they are supposed to reflect, there is no clean, objective fundamental sitting out there waiting to be discovered. There is only the loop (or rather what he phrases as the circle)- perception nudging reality, reality nudging perception, on and on.
Soros grounded this in two propositions he called fallibility and reflexivity. Fallibility says our view of the world is always partial and distorted. Reflexivity says those distorted views change the world they were trying to describe. Put them together, and you get markets that are not self-correcting machines but crisis-prone systems, prone to booms and busts precisely because participants and prices keep feeding off one another.
Why markets are the perfect laboratory:
Think about a company whose share price is rising. A higher price lowers its cost of capital, lets it raise equity on better terms, attracts talent through richer stock comp, and boosts customer confidence. Those are not perceptions - those are cash flows. The belief that the company is winning helps make it win. Then the improved fundamentals validate the belief, and the loop tightens.
Run it in reverse, and you get a solvency crisis out of what began as a sentiment problem.
Prices don't sit downstream of the fundamentals, politely reflecting them. They feed back into them. Bubbles and crashes aren't glitches in that system; they are what it produces. In a reflexive system, they are the natural output whenever a widely held misconception becomes self-reinforcing.
The late 1990s internet boom (now colloquially referred to as the dotcom bubble) is perhaps the most famous modern example of a reflexive bubble in equity markets.
Investors formed a collective belief that the internet represented the "new economy" where traditional valuation metrics (like profitability) no longer applied. The primary metrics became user growth and multiples of revenue as the yardstick of valuation. This perception drove internet stock prices to astronomical heights.
The soaring stock prices fundamentally changed the reality for these companies. It allowed them to raise massive amounts of capital very cheaply through IPOs and secondary offerings. There was an abundance of capital, which allowed them to spend heavily on marketing, customer acquisition, and growth by acquisition, driving the user growth that investors demanded. This process became self-fulfilling.
The reported user growth validated the investors' initial thesis, pushing stock prices higher, which in turn lowered the implied cost of capital and allowed for even more aggressive expansion. Additionally, because many ‘dotcoms’ were buying advertising and software from other ‘dotcoms’, the capital raised from the stock market boosted the revenue fundamentals of the entire sector.
This is what we refer to as a reflexive situation.
This vicious circle eventually reversed when the market demanded actual profits and a more visible return on capital. At this point, the capital markets closed their doors, and the companies could no longer fund their massive cash burn rates. The subsequent bankruptcies led to job losses and a collapse in tech sector spending, worsening the fundamentals and accelerating the downward spiral of stock prices.
Understanding reflexivity and these self-reinforcing investment cycles is crucial for identifying both the formation of market bubbles and the catalysts for their eventual collapse.
Why hedge funds live in reflexivity:
Reflexivity reframes the job. A traditional analyst asks, "what is this asset worth?" A reflexive investor asks, "what is the prevailing misconception, how self-reinforcing is it, and where in the loop are we?"
That is a more honest description of what discretionary macro and long-short managers actually do. It also helps explain why the great trades feel absurd until they don't.
In a world where the loop never stops turning, "understanding the reflexive interaction between perception and reality" is a more useful job description than "predicting the future."
First published on LinkedIn, 28 July 2026.